The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our lives have been wide-ranging. While some have been immediate and visible, others are emerging more gradually. Your contribution to our COVID-19 surveys has helped us understand how the crisis has impacted people and what might make some more vulnerable than others to its effects. The evidence generated has been shared with government officials and with Parliament to help inform how the country responds to the pandemic.
In 2020-2021, we asked you to take part in three online surveys, so we could learn how COVID-19 has been affecting your work and finances, your health, your family and your social life. We also asked participants in four other cohort studies (born in 1946, 1970, 1989-90 and 2000-02) based at the Centre for Longitudinal Studies (home to NCDS) to complete these surveys. This has enabled researchers to compare the effects of the pandemic on different generations.
Your contribution throughout the pandemic has been invaluable to researchers, providing live information on the effects of COVID-19 on different aspects of your lives, which they could analyse in the context of your previous experience. This is a particular strength of NCDS, the fact that researchers can use information collected from you before the pandemic with information you’ve shared with the study during the pandemic, to investigate changes. By taking part in our future surveys, you will also help us to learn about the longer term consequences of the coronavirus crisis.
In October 2020, the UK government launched the COVID-19 National Core Studies programme, spearheaded by UK Government Chief Scientific Adviser Sir Patrick Vallance. This programme is a crucial part of the UK’s ongoing pandemic response, and aims to use research to measure the near and long-term impact of COVID-19 across society. NCDS is a part of this important research programme, along with other studies that follow different groups of people across the course of their lives. This is known as the Longitudinal Health and Wellbeing strand of the National Core Studies. This programme has highlighted some of the wide-ranging impacts of the pandemic and of lockdown on access to healthcare, on mental health, and on lifestyle and also identified which groups of people are more at risk of Long COVID. These findings have been shared with ministers, and with scientists advising government.
Here are findings from just some of the COVID-19 research that you have contributed to.
Disruptions to healthcare
Women and people with chronic illnesses were more likely to face cancellations of surgeries, medical procedures or medical appointments during lockdown, according to research based on the first COVID-19 survey in May 2020. The researchers also found that ethnic minorities and those suffering from chronic illnesses reported needing more care (healthcare at home and social care) than usual. This might be because of the pandemic’s impact on their income, mental health and community support. The researchers have suggested that the disruptions caused by lockdown have had far-reaching effects on health and wellbeing in the UK, and may have widened pre-existing health inequalities. They called on government to implement public health measures to better meet the needs of at-risk groups in the event of another lockdown.
Read the research paper: Evaluating access to health and care services during lockdown by the COVID-19 survey in five UK national longitudinal studies
Increased stress
A study has found that participants whose living arrangements had changed during lockdown were more likely to report increased stress, especially NCDS study members and those born in 1970. In the first COVID-19 survey, around one in six participants across four generations reported a change in the people they were living with, most frequently due to children moving back to the parental home. The proportion varied across generations, with over a quarter of nineteen-year-olds reporting a change (most often moving back to their parents’ home), compared to just over one in ten of NCDS members (who mainly mentioned children moving back in). The researchers found that nearly 2 in 5 study members across all four generations reported increased stress, with those who had mentioned a change in living arrangements most likely to say this, especially among the older cohorts. Thanks to the information you and other generations have provided, policymakers will now get a clearer sense of one of the less visible impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Read the research paper: Changing living arrangements and stress during Covid-19 lockdown: Evidence from four birth cohorts in the UK
Women’s employment
The COVID-19 pandemic had a much bigger impact on women’s employment than on men’s, according to research based on the third COVID-19 survey. Women, and especially those living with a partner and children, were more likely to lose their jobs or be put on furlough than men. This remained true even when taking into account the fact that women were over-represented in the jobs most affected by the pandemic. The researchers noted that this was most likely due to social norms – the expectation that looking after children and housework is women’s responsibility and they are better suited to it than men – and discrimination, with employers forcing women to take up furlough at higher rates than men. The researchers warned that this might lead to a reinforcement of gender inequalities or even a reversal of the progress towards gender equality, and have urged the government to provide greater support to women.
Read the research paper: Exploring the Reasons for Labour Market Gender Inequality a Year into the Covid-19 Pandemic: Evidence from the UK Cohort Studies
Long COVID
Although scientists worldwide now have a better understanding of COVID-19, and have discovered vaccines, tests and treatments to combat its spread, long COVID remains a bit more elusive. The Centre for Longitudinal Studies, home to NCDS, took part in a major research project funded by the UK government to help tackle long COVID. This is because longitudinal studies like NCDS that follow people throughout their lives are especially well placed to discover what might make some people more vulnerable to long COVID than others, and help scientists pinpoint specific risk factors. One study based on data from NCDS and nine other similar studies found that women, middle-aged people and people with asthma were more likely to develop long COVID, as well as people with poor physical or mental health.
Read the research paper: Risk factors for long COVID: analyses of 10 longitudinal studies and electronic health records in the UK
Mental health
Mental health in the UK has considerably worsened throughout the pandemic, according to research based on information from nearly 55,000 participants across 11 studies, including NCDS. This is true for all age groups and genders, but the pandemic’s effect on mental health has been particularly marked for women, those with a degree-level education, and younger adults (aged 25-44). Thanks to information you provided in previous surveys and throughout the pandemic (with the three COVID-19 surveys), the researchers were able to analyse the pandemic’s immediate and continuing effects on mental health. They found that mental health deteriorated in the first lockdown, but did not get better when restrictions were loosened. They called on the government to provide greater access to mental health support to address the population’s greater needs due to the pandemic and its aftermath.
Read the research paper: Psychological Distress Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Sociodemographic Inequalities in 11 UK Longitudinal Studies
Furlough scheme
Researchers analysing data from NCDS and other similar studies have found that furlough seemed to protect participants from the negative health effects of unemployment. In March 2020, the UK government launched the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme, also known as ‘furlough’. This provided employees unable to work due to the pandemic with 80% of pay, capped at £2,500 per month. Previous studies have shown that unemployment can lead people to have a more unhealthy lifestyle, and can also have adverse effects on mental health. This study found that the furlough scheme helped to mitigate those effects. Those who were on furlough tended to eat as healthily and sleep as much as employed people, and even exercised more than them. Compared to those who remained working, furloughed workers were at greater risk of mental distress, low life satisfaction and loneliness, but they still fared much better on these counts than unemployed people.
Read the research papers:
Here are some other interesting COVID-19 findings you might like to read:
You can find out more about what the National Core Studies programme has found in this short video:
